SF-36 scales

Crude analysis

Adjusted analysis

Mean scale scores and p value

Beta coefficients and p values

Never smoker (1)

Former smoker (2)

Smoker (3)

2-1^*

3-1^*

Male

Physical functioning

95.2

90.0 (0.162)

95.7 (0.911)

2.8 (0.143)

−0.4 (0.790)

Role-physical

96.1

92.8 (0.113)

92.7 (0.220)

0.1 (0.974)

−1.5 (0.431)

Bodily pain

92.6

86.7 (0.066)

83.5 (0.010)

−5.8 (0.084)

−3.6 (0.139)

General health

84.3

79.9 (0.046)

74.8 (0.003)

−6.9 (0.026)

−3.7 (0.040)

Vitality

83.8

76.9 (0.002)

70.6 (0.000)

−10.9 (0.001)

−5.6 (0.007)

Role-emotional

97.0

92.2 (0.030)

93.2 (0.177)

−1.9 (0.474)

−3.0 (0.093)

Social functioning

94.9

91.1 (0.063)

91.1 (0.182)

−1.6 (0.526)

−3.1 (0.094)

Mental health

86.1

76.3 (0.000)

74.7 (0.000)

−9.0 (0.001)

−8.8 (0.000)

PCS

56.3

55.7 (0.407)

55.1 (0.213)

0.04 (0.967)

−0.1 (0.907)

MCS

56.6

52.4 (0.000)

51.3 (0.001)

−4.3 (0.003)

−3.7 (0.000)

Female

Physical functioning

93.8

90.0 (0.125)

92.6 (0.402)

−1.0 (0.585)

−0.5 (0.748)

Role-physical

94.8

89.7 (0.091)

90.1 (0.030)

−1.2 (0.652)

−3.6 (0.060)

Bodily pain

87.6

79.4 (0.036)

80.2 (0.000)

−2.1 (0.518)

−5.4 (0.007)

General health

81.1

75.5 (0.164)

74.0 (0.002)

−0.4 (0.990)

−4.4 (0.038)

Vitality

77.7

70.8 (0.075)

69.8 (0.002)

−2.2 (0.525)

−5.9 (0.025)

Role-emotional

95.0

90.4 (0.139)

89.1 (0.005)

−2.2 (0.415)

−5.0 (0.013)

Social functioning

91.6

86.0 (0.102)

87.1 (0.070)

−1.2 (0.672)

−3.5 (0.187)

Mental health

79.9

73.7 (0.164)

71.8 (0.002)

−2.0 (0.628)

−6.4 (0.013)

PCS

55.8

53.6 (0.047)

54.5 (0.037)

−0.3 (0.797)

−0.8 (0.196)

MCS

53.8

50.7 (0.150)

49.7 (0.002)

−1.1 (0.563)

−3.3 (0.016)